WIMPs with Enhanced Annihilation from a Feebly Interacting Unstable Partner

Weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) constitute one of the best-motivated dark matter (DM) candidates. In this study, we consider a simple extension of the WIMP paradigm in which WIMPs are coupled to a heavier particle that interacts only with them and can decay into WIMPs. In the early Universe, when WIMPs are in thermal equilibrium with the Standard Model (SM) bath, they serve as a portal to populate the heavy partner through inverse decays. Depending on the lifetime of the partner particle, its eventual decay into WIMPs can significantly alter the WIMP abundance. If the partner decays into WIMPs before their freeze-out from equilibrium, the standard thermal history remains unchanged. When the decay occurs after WIMP freeze-out, however, the injected non-thermal population of WIMPs can result in an overproduction of DM, therefore requiring a larger WIMP annihilation cross section relative to the standard scenario without the partner. For a given partner lifetime and WIMP annihilation cross section, freeze-out may be delayed due to re-annihilation or followed by a freeze-in phase. By solving the Boltzmann equations both semi-analytically and numerically, we explore these thermal histories and study the required enhancement in the WIMP annihilation cross section compared to the canonical value. This enhancement, which can reach up to three orders of magnitude, leads to stronger annihilation signals in the late Universe. As a result, current and upcoming indirect detection experiments are able to probe the lifetime of the partner particle. We briefly explore possible connections between our scenario and the baryon asymmetry of the Universe. As an example, we show that the Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (NMSSM) can provide a realization of our scenario, with the possibility of accommodating light higgsino DM with the correct relic abundance.

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Authors

Chance Hoskinson; Pearl Sandick; Barmak Shams Es Haghi

Published

Sep 15, 2026

Paper type

preprint

Source

Arxiv