Han F; Zhong Q; Du J; Hu J; An P; Zhao Y; Zheng K; Wang S; Zhang Y; Lu D; Wang C; Jiao B; Jiang Z · 2026 · Microsystems & nanoengineering
Paper
High-performance temperature sensors are critical components for emerging Internet-of-Things and biomedical-electronics platforms. However, simultaneously achieving high sensitivity, mechanical compliance, and user-defined integrability remains a formidable materials-and-device challenge. Here, we report a continuous graphene fiber (GF) thermocouple technology where multiple p-n thermocouples are created in situ along a single, unbroken fiber while preserving its structural integrity. By periodically modulating surface charge-transfer doping with polyethyleneimine (PEI) and FeCl 3, we formed an array of ten p-n pairs that delivered an exceptional thermocouple sensitivity of 452.32 µV K -1. The device retained ~97.8% of its initial sensitivity after 10,000 bending cycles at a 5-mm radius, confirming robustness under repeated mechanical deformation. When deployed on skin, the sensor tracked dynamic body temperature variations with a measurement error of 0.64%, validating its practical value for real-time, non-invasive health monitoring. These results establish all-carbon GF thermocouples as a high-precision and mechanically adaptable temperature-sensing platform for next-generation wearable electronics and personalized healthcare systems.
Analysis
This paper presents a flexible, high-performance temperature sensor based on dual-doped all-graphene fibers, demonstrating exceptional sensitivity, mechanical robustness, and accuracy for real-time, non-invasive health monitoring in wearable electronics.
Discovery
Zhang B; Cai Y; Deng C; Huang X; Yao C; Li X; Gao L; Wu Y; Chen J; Jiang J; Shang L; Xie X; Wang J; Chen HJ; Wu Y; Liu J
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