F. Nimmo; R. T. Pappalardo · 2016 · Journal of Geophysical Research Planets
Paper
Abstract Many outer solar system bodies are thought to harbor liquid water oceans beneath their ice shells. This article first reviews how such oceans are detected. We then discuss how they are maintained, when they formed, and what the oceans' likely characteristics are. We focus in particular on Europa, Ganymede, Callisto, Titan, and Enceladus, bodies for which there is direct evidence of subsurface oceans. We also consider candidate ocean worlds such as Pluto and Triton.
Analysis
This paper reviews the detection, maintenance, formation, and characteristics of subsurface liquid water oceans on outer solar system bodies, focusing on Europa, Ganymede, Callisto, Titan, and Enceladus, and considering Pluto and Triton as candidates.
Discovery
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Source record